Prevalence and factors associated with depression in the elderly: a cross-sectional study / Prevalência e fatores associados à depressão em idosos: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Depression is a psychiatric disease that causes losses in the biopsychosocial aspect of the affected individuals. The prevalence in the elderly population is significant, and identify the factors related to this outcome allows preventive measures and treatment can be early applied. Objective: Assessing the association between depression and sociodemographic and health risk factors in the elderly. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 388 elderly of both genders, aged 65 years and older, urban residents of the city of Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. A socio-demographic questionnaire, as well as a self-report of chronic diseases and lifestyle, a self-report questionnaire of functional capacity, occurrence of falls, Geriatric Depression Scale, mental state assessment, and anthropometry tests were used. The chi-square test, oddsratio (OR), and multiple logistic regression with 95% confidence interval and p<5% were used in the statistical analysis. Results: There was a predominance of women (64%) who were mulatto/caboclo/brown skin (43%) and married (45%). Depression was significantly associated with: the lowest level of education, <8 years (OR=2.15; p=0.012), partial or total dependence of instrumental activities of daily living (OR=1.85; p=0.003), having five or more diseases (OR=2.93, p=0.002), falls in the last twelve months (OR=1.90; p=0.021), and sleep (OR=2.39; p<0.001) and visual difficulties (OR=2.28; p<0.001). Conclusion: Depression in this group of elderly was associated with modifiable and preventable factors in the health of these people. Thus, the early diagnosis of risk factors associated with depression, the inclusion of social, physical and cognitive activities must be considered for their prevention. (AU)

RESUMO: Introdução: Depressão é uma doença psiquiátrica e provoca prejuízos no aspecto biopsicossocial dos indivíduos acometidos. Sua prevalência na população idosa é expressiva, a identificação dos fatores relacionados a este desfecho permitem que medidas preventivas e de tratamento sejam aplicadas precocemente. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre depressão, os fatores sociodemográficos e os riscos para a saúde em idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 388 idosos de ambos os sexos com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, residentes do município de Cuiabá, estado de Mato Grosso (MT), Brasil. Foram usados questionários sociodemográficos, instrumentos de autorrelato de doenças crônicas, de estilo de vida, ocorrência de quedas e de capacidade funcional, escala de depressão geriátrica, avaliação do estado mental e testes de antropometria. Na análise estatística utilizou-se teste do qui-quadrado, odds ratio (OR) e regressão logística múltipla com intervalo de confiança de 95% e p<5%. Resultados: Encontrou-se predominância de mulheres (64%), sendo mulata/cabocla/parda (43%) e casadas (45%). A depressão foi significativamente associada com: o tercil mais baixo de educação <8 anos (OR=2,15; p=0,012); com dependência parcial ou total de atividades instrumentais da vida diária (OR=1,85; p=0,003); ter cinco ou mais doenças crônicas (OR=2,93; p=0,002), ocorrência de quedas nos últimos doze meses (OR=1,90; p=0,021); dificuldades de sono (OR=2,39; p<0,001) e visual (OR=2,28; p<0,001). Conclusão: A depressão estava associada a fatores modificáveis e que podem ser prevenidos. Desta forma, o diagnóstico precoce destes fatores de risco, a inclusão de atividades socias, físicas e cognitivas devem ser consideradas para sua prevenção. (AU)

Physical and functional aspects of persons with multiple sclerosis practicing Tai-Geiko: randomized trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the influence of Tai-Geiko on the physical and functional aspects of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: This was a parallel-group, randomized trial with two arms. People with MS were allocated to an experimental group (EG) (n=10) and control group (CG) (n=09). The participants received multidisciplinary care supervised by a physiotherapist in the Tai-Geiko exercise. Participants underwent the assessments after the intervention. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS-maximum score of 6.0), strength test (kgf) using a dynamometer, Timed Up and Go mobility test (TUG), and stabilometric balance test (Platform EMG system®) were evaluated. Demographic data were recorded, including age, sex, comorbidities, lifestyle and classification of MS. Clinical Trials (ReBeC): RBR-4sty47. RESULTS: The EG group improved in 12 variables, and the CG improved in 3 variables. The following values were obtained for pre/postintervention, respectively: EG: lumbar force (38/52 kgf), TUG (11/9 s), locomotion velocity (519/393 ms); double task two (53/39 s); platform stabilometric trajectory: traversed get up (39/26 s) and sit (45/29 s); anteroposterior (AP) amplitude rise (11/8 cm) and sit (12.40/9.94 cm) and anteroposterior frequency rise (1.00/1.56 Hz) and sit (0.8/1.25 Hz) (p<0.05); CG: right-hand grip force (26/29 kgf); TUG (9.8 /8.7 s) and AP (11.84 /9.53 cm) stabilometric amplitude at the sitting moment (p<0.05), (3.2/5.99 Hz, p=0.01) and sit (3.47/5.01 Hz, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Tai-Geiko practice can be suggested as complementary exercise in the rehabilitation of persons with MS.

Physical and functional aspects of persons with multiple sclerosis practicing Tai-Geiko: randomized trial

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the influence of Tai-Geiko on the physical and functional aspects of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: This was a parallel-group, randomized trial with two arms. People with MS were allocated to an experimental group (EG) (n=10) and control group (CG) (n=09). The participants received multidisciplinary care supervised by a physiotherapist in the Tai-Geiko exercise. Participants underwent the assessments after the intervention. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS-maximum score of 6.0), strength test (kgf) using a dynamometer, Timed Up and Go mobility test (TUG), and stabilometric balance test (Platform EMG system®) were evaluated. Demographic data were recorded, including age, sex, comorbidities, lifestyle and classification of MS. Clinical Trials (ReBeC): RBR-4sty47. RESULTS: The EG group improved in 12 variables, and the CG improved in 3 variables. The following values were obtained for pre/postintervention, respectively: EG: lumbar force (38/52 kgf), TUG (11/9 s), locomotion velocity (519/393 ms); double task two (53/39 s); platform stabilometric trajectory: traversed get up (39/26 s) and sit (45/29 s); anteroposterior (AP) amplitude rise (11/8 cm) and sit (12.40/9.94 cm) and anteroposterior frequency rise (1.00/1.56 Hz) and sit (0.8/1.25 Hz) (p<0.05); CG: right-hand grip force (26/29 kgf); TUG (9.8 /8.7 s) and AP (11.84 /9.53 cm) stabilometric amplitude at the sitting moment (p<0.05), (3.2/5.99 Hz, p=0.01) and sit (3.47/5.01 Hz, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Tai-Geiko practice can be suggested as complementary exercise in the rehabilitation of persons with MS.

Effects of Probiotic Use on Quality of Life and Physical Activity in Constipated Female University Students: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a probiotic supplement containing two genera and five species of bacteria versus placebo on the quality of life (QoL) in female university students with intestinal constipation (IC). Design: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted on female university students in a single study center. Settings/Location: Two phases of interventions were carried out, the pilot and main study. All participants were female students of Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Subjects: Female students whose ages ranged from 20 to 40 years and self-reported to be suffering from IC based on a questionnaire containing Rome III criteria were included. Interventions: Interventions occurred during a period of 30 days in the pilot phase (n = 32) and 15 days in the main study phase (n = 63). The subjects were numbered and randomly divided into experimental probiotic and placebo control groups. Therefore, neither the participants nor the researchers were aware of the allocations of the treatment groups. Outcome measures: The sociodemographic, Rome III, Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QoL) and International Physical Activity questionnaires, and anthropometric measures were utilized. The relative risk (RR) treatment effect, absolute risk reduction (ARR), RR reduction, number needed to treat (NNT), and odds ratio were calculated. Results: Improvement in the QoL (ARR = 14% and p < 0.01) and satisfaction (ARR = 44% and p < 0.01) according to the PAC-QoL questionnaire was observed in the experimental group compared with the control group. For probiotic supplementation, an NNT = 7 was obtained. This implies that for every seven constipated women treated, a worsening in the QoL is prevented in one. An NNT = 1 was obtained concerning satisfaction in the same group of women with respect to the treatment. No clinically significant observations related to the safety of the product were reported. The authors did not detect the effect of exercise intensity on the QoL of participants. Conclusion: The probiotic supplementation had a positive impact on the QoL of constipated female university students.

Timed up and go test and self-perceived health in elderly: population-based study / Teste TUG e saúde autopercebida em idosos: estudo de base populacional

Abstract Due to the aging process, chronic diseases arise with increased use of medications and there is a need to evaluate the elderly to prevent functional dependence and falls. The aim of this study was to compare gender, sociodemographic characteristics, fall occurrences, self-reported diseases, quantity of drugs with timed up and go test (TUG) and TUG-cognitive, and to associate these factors with the self-perception of health of the elderly in the community. Were selected 513 elderly people, with 384 that completed the TUG test to evaluate the functional capacity. There was difference between the female and male, in the variables: age-group 70 to 79 years (p=0.036) ? 80 years (p=0.013); per capita income in the female ? 1 minimum wage (p=0.005) and >2 (p=0.013), falls (p=0.001), systemic hypertension (p<0.001), arthritis or rheumatism (p=0.033), depression (p=0.048), osteoporosis (p<0.001), medications 3 to 4 (p=0.008), self-perceived health (p=0.030) and in the TUG (p<0.001) and TUG-cognitive (p=0.002). The prevalence by Poisson regression Robust (RPa), the variables associated with health self-perceived: heart disease (p=0,047), stroke (p=<0,001), osteoporosis (p=0,013) and TUG motor (p=0,028). Women had more health problems, weakness and poor physical performance, indicating the need for special attention as the aging aspects. So, TUG test can be useful tool for risk evaluate of falls in the elderly living in the community.

Resumo Devido ao processo envelhecimento, surgem as doenças crônicas com aumento de uso de medicamentos e existe necessidade de avaliar os idosos para prevenir dependência funcional e quedas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as pessoas idosas por gênero, variáveis socioeconômicas, ocorrências de quedas, doenças autorrelatadas, quantidade de medicamentos, saúde autopercebida e teste Timed Up and Go (TUG). Foram selecionadas 513 pessoas idosas, com 384 que completaram o teste TUG para avaliar a capacidade funcional. Existia diferença entre gênero feminino e o masculino, nas variáveis: grupo etário de 70 a 79 anos (p=0,036) ? 80 anos (p=0,013); renda per capita no salário mínimo ? 1 feminino (p=0,005) e> 2 (p=0,013), quedas (p= 0,001), hipertensão sistêmica (p<0,001), artrite ou reumatismo (p=0,048), osteoporose (p <0,001), medicamentos de 3 a 4 (p=0,008), autopercepção de saúde (p=0,030) e no TUG (p<0,001) e TUG-cognitivo (p=0,002). A prevalência por regressão de Poisson robusta (RPa), as variáveis associadas à saúde autopercebida: doença cardíaca (p=0,047), acidente vascular cerebral (p=0,001), osteoporose (p=0,013) e motor TUG (p=0,028). As mulheres tiveram mais problemas de saúde, fraqueza e desempenho físico fraco, indicando a necessidade de atenção especial aos aspectos do envelhecimento. Assim, o teste TUG pode ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar o risco de quedas nos idosos que vivem na comunidade.

Prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia and dynapenia in elderly people.

OBJECTIVES: There is little information about the risk factors for sarcopenia and dynapenia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia and to verify which risk factors are associated with the elderly population. METHODS: A total of 387 elderly people were evaluated. We used a questionnaire to identify socio-demographic and behavioral aspects. For physical performance, we used the Short Physical Performance Battery. Using the European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People consensus, we defined sarcopenia that includes the occurrence of low muscle mass, added to low muscle strength or low physical performance. Dynapenia was defined using handgrip strength. RESULTS: Sarcopenia and dynapenia were identified in 15.3% and 38.2% of the elderly people, respectively; 15.8% of women and 14.2% of men had sarcopenia, and 52.4% of women and 13.5% of men had dynapenia. Sarcopenia was associated with the increase in aging, white race, smoking, and risk of malnutrition. Dynapenia is more likely to occur in women and hospitalized patients. CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia had a greater association with the risk factors evaluated here, mainly with smoking and nutritional status. On the other hand, dynapenia was different, having a greater association with hospital intervention.

THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON TRAINED INDIVIDUALS SUBJECTED TO MAXIMAL TREADMILL TEST.

BACKGROUND: Intense physical training increases oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting into muscle and cellular damage. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of caffeine supplementation on trained young individuals subjected to two treadmill maximal tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a double-blind and crossover study comprising 24 active individuals within the age group 18-30 years. The comparisons were conducted: the effect of exercise (week 1 x 2) and caffeine intake (GC x GP) on thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) variables during pre-exercise time (30 min. after caffeine or placebo intake) and post-exercise (5 min after treadmill test). RESULTS: The comparison between weeks 1 and 2 showed increase in the first week, in the following items: TBARS, IL-6 and IL-10 in the GC and GP groups. The comparison within the same week showed that GC individuals presented lower post-exercise TBARS values in the first and second weeks; IL- 6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group in both weeks. The paired analysis comparing pre- and post-exercise, with and without caffeine showed that IL-6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group. CONCLUSION: Caffeine used by athletes can decrease oxidative stress. The increased IL-6 suggest that this ergogenic supplement may stimulate muscle hypertrophy, since IL-6 has myokine effect. However, the caffeine effect on IL-6 level and muscle hypertrophy increase should be better investigated in future studies.

Concordância entre diferentes equações antropométricas na predição de gordura corporal em idosos / Concordance between different anthropometric equations for predicting body fat in the elderly / Concordancia entre las diferentes ecuaciones antropométricas para la predicción de la grasa corporal en personas de edad avanzada

O objetivo foi verificar a concordância entre as diferentes equações antropométricas desenvolvidas para estimativa do percentual de gordura corporal (%G) em idosos de ambos os sexos. Avaliaram-se 141 homens e 244 mulheres, ≥65 anos. Foram realizadas medidas de estatura, massa corporal e perímetros corporais. Nove equações baseadas em medidas antropométricas foram testadas. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação intra-classe, análise da concordância das equações e a análise gráfica de Bland e Altman. Nos homens idosos, a equação de Tran, & Weltman, utilizada como referencial, subestimou e diferiu o %G, comparada com todas as outras equações. A equação de Deurenberg, et al., contudo, demonstrou concordância de 78% e forte relação (r=0,78). Nas mulheres, superestimou-se o %G, em que apenas a equação de Visser, et al. não diferiu, tendo concordância de 92% e relação forte (r=0,85). Contudo, essas equações antropométricas que apresentaram melhores resultados, podem contribuir no acompanhamento adequado da composição corporal de idosos, sendo mais fácil e viável obterem-se as medidas para estudos populacionais. Sugere-se cautela, entretanto, em sua utilização para a estimativa do %G e futuros estudos com métodos considerados padrões-ouro para validação dessas equações nas diferentes regiões do país, devido a um maior grau de diferenciação étnica e cultural dos idosos existentes no Brasil. Inúmeros fatores de uma população, incluindo idade, raça, etnia, gênero e obesidade devem ser considerados ao selecionar uma equação de regressão para estimar %G. Além disso, existe uma necessidade de se desenvolverem modelos de regressão precisos que considerem obesidade, sexo, raça ou etnia, quando prevendo %G em uma população idosa sul-americana.

The purpose was to investigate the concordance between the different anthropometric equations for estimation of body fat percentage (BF%) in elderly men and women. Evaluated 141 men and 244 women, ≥65 years. It was held height measurements, body mass and body perimeters. Nine equations based on anthropometric measures were tested. We use coefficient of intra-class correlation, concordance analysis of the equations and graphical analysis of Bland-Altman. In older men the equation Tran & Weltman utilized as reference, underestimated and differed the %BF compared to all other equations, however, the equation of Deurenberg, et al. demonstrated 78% concordance and strong relationship (r=0.78). In older women overestimated %BF, the equation of Visser, et al. not differed and had 92% concordance and strong correlation (r=0.85). However, these anthropometric equations showed better results can ontribute in appropriate monitoring of body composition in elderly, being easier and viable to obtain measures for population studies. It is suggested, however, caution in its use for the estimation of% G and future studies with methods considered gold standards for validation of these equations in the different regions of the country, due to a greater degree of ethnic and cultural differentiation of the elderly in Brazil. Numerous factors of a population, including age, race, ethnicity, gender and obesity should be considered when selecting a regression equation to estimate% G. In addition, there is a need to develop accurate regression models that consider obesity, gender, race or ethnicity when predicting% G in an elderly South American population.

El objetivo fue investigar la concordancia entre las diferentes ecuaciones antropométricas para la estimación del porcentaje de grasa corporal (% BF) en hombres y mujeres ancianos. Se evaluaron 141 hombres y 244 mujeres, ≥65 años. Se realizaron mediciones de altura, masa corporal y perímetros corporales. Se probaron nueve ecuaciones basadas en medidas antropométricas. Utilizamos el coeficiente de correlación intra-clase, el análisis de concordancia de las ecuaciones y el análisis gráfico de Bland-Altman. En los hombres mayores, la ecuación Tran, & Weltman utilizó como referencia, subestimó y diferenció el% BF en comparación con todas las demás ecuaciones, sin embargo, la ecuación de Deurenberg, et al. Demostró 78% de concordancia y fuerte relación (r = 0,78). En las mujeres mayores sobrestimado% BF, la ecuación de Visser, et al. No difirió y tuvo concordancia del 92% y fuerte correlación (r = 0,85). Sin embargo, estas ecuaciones antropométricas mostraron mejores resultados que pueden contribuir a un monitoreo adecuado de la composición corporal en ancianos, siendo más fácil y viable obtener medidas para estudios poblacionales. Se sugiere, sin embargo, precaución en su uso para la estimación de% G y futuros estudios con métodos considerados estándares de oro para la validación de estas ecuaciones en las diferentes regiones del país, debido a un mayor grado de diferenciación étnica y cultural de los ancianos en Brasil . Se deben considerar numerosos factores de una población, incluyendo la edad, la raza, la etnia, el género y la obesidad al seleccionar una ecuación de regresión para estimar% G. Además, es necesario desarrollar modelos de regresión precisos que consideren la obesidad, el género, la raza o la etnia Al predecir% G en una población sudamericana de edad avanzada.

EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO E ENVELHECIMENTO: A PERCEPÇÃO DE IDOSAS QUANTO À IMAGEM CORPORAL / PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND AGING: THE PERCEPTION OF OLDER AS BODY IMAGE / EJERCICIO FÍSICO Y ENVEJECIMIENTO: LA PERCEPCIÓN DE MAYORES COMO LA IMAGEN CORPORAL

Objetivo: verificar a percepção da autoimagem e sua relação com a composição corporal e escala de depressão geriátrica de idosas participantes do Programa Longevidade Saudável, proposto pelo Curso de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Método: para verificar a percepção da autoimagem e da composição corporal de idosas foram empregadas: entrevistas, escala de silhuetas, bioimpedância e escala de depressão geriátrica abreviada. Resultados: apresentaram baixo nível de exercício físico praticado por semana, a insatisfação com a imagem corporal devido ao excesso de peso das idosas e a escala de silhuetas indicou a busca pela magreza. Um dado relevante foi o baixo índice de depressão na amostra pesquisada. Considerações finais: há necessidade de aumentar a frequência da prática de exercícios físicos para a melhoria da qualidade de vida, da socialização e da percepção da imagem corporal das idosas como definidores biopsicossociais e de motivação em programa de exercícios para a manutenção e a promoção da saúde e do bem-estar.

Objetive: to verify the perception of self-image and their relationship with body composition and the Geriatric Depression Scale of participants older Longevity Program Healthy, proposed by the Physical Education Course of the Federal University of Mato Grosso. Method: used to verify the perception of self-image and body composition of elderly: interviews, scale silhouettes, bioimpedance and scale abbreviated geriatric depression. Results: showed low level of exercise practiced by week, dissatisfaction with body image due to excess elderly weight and scale silhouettes indicated the quest for thinness. An important finding was the low rate of depression in the studied sample. Final considerations: need to increase the frequency of exercise practice to improve the quality of life, socialization and body image perception of the elderly as biopsychosocial defining and motivation in exercise program for the maintenance and promotion of health and well-being.

Objetivo: verificar la percepción de la propia imagen y su relación con la composición corporal y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de participantes mayores Programa de longevidad saludable, propuesto por el curso de educación física de la Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso. Método: se utilizó para verificar la percepción de la propia imagen y la composición corporal de las personas mayores: entrevistas, siluetas escala, bioimpedancia y la depresión geriátrica escala abreviada. Resultados: mostraron bajo nivel de ejercicio practicado por semana, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal debido al exceso de peso y de edad avanzada siluetas escala indica la búsqueda de la delgadez. Un hallazgo importante fue la baja tasa de depresión en la muestra estudiada. Consideraciones finales: hay necesidad de aumentar la frecuencia de la práctica de ejercicio para mejorar la calidad de vida, la socialización y la percepción de la imagen corporal de las personas mayores como la definición biopsicosocial y la motivación en el programa de ejercicios para el mantenimiento y promoción de la salud y el bienestar.

Environmental variables and levels of exhaled carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin in elderly people taking exercise.

This article aims to analyze levels of exhaled carbon monoxide, carboxyhemoglobinand cardiopulmonary variables in old people practicing exercise in external environments, and correlate them with climate and pollution factors. Temporal ecological study with118 active elderly people in the city of Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data were obtained on use of medication, smoking, anthropometric measurements, spirometry, peak flow, oxygen saturation, heart rate, exhaled carbon monoxide, carboxyhemoglobin, climate, number of farm fires and pollution. Correlations were found between on the one hand environmental temperature, relative humidity of the air and number of farmers' fires, and on the other hand levels of carbon monoxide exhaled and carboxyhemoglobin (p < 0.05).There was a correlation between heart rate and changes in environmental temperature, time of exposure to the sun and relative humidity (p < 0.05). In elderly people, environmental factors influence levels of exhaled carbon monoxide, carboxyhemoglobin and heart rate. There is thus a need for these to be monitored during exercise. The use of a carbon monoxide monitor to evaluate exposure to pollutants is suggested.

Variáveis ambientais e níveis de monóxido de carbono exalado e carboxihemoglobina em idosos praticantes de exercício / Environmental variables and levels of exhaled carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin in elderly people taking exercise

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o monóxido de carbono exalado, a carboxihemoglobina e as variáveis cardiopulmonares em idosos praticantes de exercícios em ambientes externos e correlacionar com clima e poluição. Estudo ecológico temporal com 118 idosos ativos em Cuiabá. Foram obtidas informações sobre uso de medicamentos, tabagismo, antropometria, espirometria, peak-flow, saturação de oxigênio, frequência cardíaca, monóxido de carbono exalado, carboxihemoglobina, além de dados climáticos, queimadas e poluição. Temperatura ambiental, umidade relativa do ar e queimadas correlacionaram com monóxido de carbono exalado e carboxihemoglobina (p < 0,05). Frequência cardíaca correlacionou com alterações de temperatura ambiental, tempo de exposição solar e umidade relativa (p < 0,05). Idosos sofrem influências ambientais alterando níveis de monóxido de carbono, carboxihemoglobina e frequência cardíaca, sendo necessário monitoramento destes durante os exercícios, sugerindo-se o uso do monoxímetro para avaliação de exposição a poluentes.

Abstract This article aims to analyze levels of exhaled carbon monoxide, carboxyhemoglobinand cardiopulmonary variables in old people practicing exercise in external environments, and correlate them with climate and pollution factors. Temporal ecological study with118 active elderly people in the city of Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data were obtained on use of medication, smoking, anthropometric measurements, spirometry, peak flow, oxygen saturation, heart rate, exhaled carbon monoxide, carboxyhemoglobin, climate, number of farm fires and pollution. Correlations were found between on the one hand environmental temperature, relative humidity of the air and number of farmers’ fires, and on the other hand levels of carbon monoxide exhaled and carboxyhemoglobin (p < 0.05).There was a correlation between heart rate and changes in environmental temperature, time of exposure to the sun and relative humidity (p < 0.05). In elderly people, environmental factors influence levels of exhaled carbon monoxide, carboxyhemoglobin and heart rate. There is thus a need for these to be monitored during exercise. The use of a carbon monoxide monitor to evaluate exposure to pollutants is suggested.

Reference index and reduction in physical fitness tests proposed by proesp-br

The purpose of this study was to create an unifying index of the PROESP-BR tests for school aged teenagers and propose a reduction in the physical fitness tests. A total of 414 adolescents between the ages of 15 and 17 years old, representative of the public school population in the city of Cuiaba were evaluated. The tests include general physical fitness, proposed by PROESP-BR. Multivariate factorial analysis was used, observing the commonality/representativeness of each test with regard to the set, and the index was created for girls and boys. With this analysis we can choose to use the following tests: female - throwing medicine ball, horizontal jump and run 20 meters; male - throwing medicine ball, representing the overall performance. The created index was divided into quintiles and allowed you to view the whole performance of the six tests, as well as their distribution within the group and away from the ideal reference.

Dizziness in community-dwelling older adults: a population-based study.

UNLABELLED: Dizziness is a common complaint among older adults. AIM: To identify the prevalence of dizziness and its related factors in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A prospective population-based study with a representative sample of older adults aged 65 years and over. A multidimensional questionnaire and a battery of measures were used for assessing physical function. RESULTS: The prevalence of dizziness was 45%. Vertigo was found in 70.4% of older adults with dizziness and 43.8% of them referred vertigo crises along life. A significant association was found between dizziness and female gender (p=0.004), memory difficulties complaints (p=0.015), bad health perception (p=0.001), depression (p<0.0001), five or more comorbidities (p=0.021), self-reported fatigue (p<0.0001), recurrent falls (p=0.001), excessive sleepiness (p=0.003), fear of falling (p<0.0001), left leg unipedal stance (p=0.002) and Short Performance Physical Battery score (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: Dizziness is a common complaint among older adults and it is associated with limiting clinical conditions, such as depression, fatigue, excessive sleepiness and impaired memory. It is highlighted the association between dizziness and recurrent falls, fear of falling and lower performance in physical function tests, which can restrict independence. These data suggest the importance of a multifactorial approach to dizziness in older adults.

Tontura em idosos da comunidade: estudo de base populacional / Dizziness in community-dewelling older adults: a population-based study

A queixa de tontura é comum em idosos. OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de tontura e os fatores associados em uma amostra de idosos que vivem na comunidade. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte histórica prospectivo, com idosos de 65 anos ou mais. Foi utilizado um inquérito multidimensional e uma bateria de testes físico-funcionais. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de tontura foi de 45 por cento. A tontura giratória foi relatada por 70,4 por cento dos idosos e 43,8 por cento disseram já ter tido crises vertiginosas em algum momento da vida. Houve associação significativa entre queixa de tontura e gênero feminino (p=0,004), relato de dificuldade de memória (p=0,015), má percepção de saúde (p=0,001), depressão (p<0,0001), cinco ou mais comorbidades (p=0,021), fadiga autorreferida (p<0,0001), história de quedas recorrentes (p=0,001), sonolência excessiva (p=0,003), medo de cair (p<0,0001), tempo de apoio unipodal esquerdo (p=0,002) e escore do Short Performance Physical Battery (p=0,009). CONCLUSÃO: A tontura é uma queixa comum em idosos e está associada a condições clínicas limitantes, como depressão, fadiga, sonolência excessiva e dificuldade de memória. Ressalta-se a associação com quedas recorrentes, medo de cair e pior desempenho em testes de função motora, que pode comprometer a independência dos idosos. Os dados sugerem a importância de uma abordagem multifatorial da tontura em idosos.

Dizziness is a common complaint among older adults. AIM: To identify the prevalence of dizziness and its related factors in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A prospective population-based study with a representative sample of older adults aged 65 years and over. A multidimensional questionnaire and a battery of measures were used for assessing physical function. RESULTS: The prevalence of dizziness was 45 percent. Vertigo was found in 70.4 percent of older adults with dizziness and 43.8 percent of them referred vertigo crises along life. A significant association was found between dizziness and female gender (p=0.004), memory difficulties complaints (p=0.015), bad health perception (p=0.001), depression (p<0.0001), five or more comorbidities (p=0.021), self-reported fatigue (p<0.0001), recurrent falls (p=0.001), excessive sleepiness (p=0.003), fear of falling (p<0.0001), left leg unipedal stance (p=0.002) and Short Performance Physical Battery score (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: Dizziness is a common complaint among older adults and it is associated with limiting clinical conditions, such as depression, fatigue, excessive sleepiness and impaired memory. It is highlighted the association between dizziness and recurrent falls, fear of falling and lower performance in physical function tests, which can restrict independence. These data suggest the importance of a multifactorial approach to dizziness in older adults.

Associação entre variáveis antropométricas, perfil glicêmico e lipídico em mulheres idosas / Association among anthropometric variables, plasma glucose and lipid profile in elderly women

Estudo transversal com o objetivo de associar variáveis antropométricas, perfil lipídico e glicêmico em 102 idosas de três centros de convivência para idosos do município de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil, com idade entre 60 e 84 anos. Métodos: Avaliaram-se índice de massa corporal, relação cintura/quadril, circunferência abdominal, percentual de gordura, glicemia em jejum, glicemia pós-prandial, hemoglobina glicada, triglicérides, colesterol total, HDL-c e LDL-c. Resultados: Houve associação significativa no grupo 60-69 anos, entre o IMC e glicemia de jejum; relação cintura-quadril e glicemia de jejum e glicemia pós-prandial; circunferência abdominal e glicemia de jejum e glicemia pós-prandial; para o grupo >70 anos, entre o percentual de gordura e colesterol total e a circunferência abdominal e glicemia pós-prandial. Regressão múltipla houve significância somente para o grupos >70anos: IMC e colesterol total; relação cintura-quadril com triglicérides e com colesterol total; circunferência abdominal com glicemia de jejum, com triglicérides, com colesterol total e com LDL-c. Conclusão: As variáveis antropométricas apresentam fragilidade para associação com a bioquímica sanguínea de idosas. Entretanto, os marcadores de gordura corporal parecem estar associados à piora bioquímica, sendo a circunferência da cintura a que mais se associa especialmente em relação às mais idosas.

Composição corporal de idosas diabéticas tipo 2: antropometria vs absorcimetria de raios-X de dupla energia / Body composition of elderly women with type 2 diabetes: anthropometry vs dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Objetivo Comparar a antropometria ao exame de Raios-x de dupla varredura para estimativa da composição corporal de idosas diabéticas tipo 2. Métodos A composição corporal de 51 voluntárias de 60 a 70 anos de idade e índice de massa corporal de 19 a 43kg/m² foi avaliada pelas medidas antropométricas das dobras cutâneas do tríceps, suprailíaca e coxa e associadas ao exame de Raios-x de dupla varredura, considerado o padrão ouro. Os intervalos de concordância de Bland e Altman foram os valores do desvio-padrão do coeficiente de variação do exame de Raios-x de dupla varredura e os valores da antropometria deviam estar nessa faixa. Foram comparadas as médias (teste t de Student) e feita a correlação de Pearson. Resultados Os intervalos de concordância foram os seguintes: peso (kg) Média (M)=0,3, Desvio-Padrão (DP)=0,1, massa corporal magra (kg) M=3,0, DP=1,9, massa corporal gorda (kg) M=5,0, DP=3,1, percentual de gordura corporal ( por centoGC) M=5,0, DP=3,1. As médias entre os métodos eram iguais e estavam dentro do intervalo de concordância; em média, a antropometria superestimava a massa corporal magra em 2,31kg, e subestimava a massa corporal gorda e o percentual de gordura corporal em -0,93 kg e -2,7 por cento respectivamente; a correlação entre as estimativas eram significativas (P, r=0,99; MCM, r=0,79; MCG, r=0,93; por centoGC, r=0,72; p<0,0001). Conclusão Os resultados da antropometria e do exame de Raios-x de dupla varredura foram consistentes. Embora tivesse parte dos resultados da massa corporal gorda e do percentual de gordura corporal fora do intervalo de concordância, os outros resultados foram correspondentes, sugerindo o uso da antropometria para avaliação da composição corporal nessa população.

Objective This study aimed to compare anthropometry with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for estimating the body composition of elderly women with type 2 diabetes. Methods The body composition of 51 volunteers aged 60 to 70 years, with body mass indices ranging from 19 and 43kg/m², was determined by anthropometry (triceps, suprailiac and thigh skinfold thicknesses) and dual-energy X-ray, which is considered the gold standard. The Bland-Altman limits of agreement were the standard deviations of the dual-energy X-ray coefficient of variation and the anthropometric values should be in this range. The means were compared by the Student's t-test followed by the Pearson's correlation. Results Limits of agreement: weight (W, kg) M=0.3, SD=0.1, lean body mass (lear body mass, kg) M=3.0, SD=1.9; fat body mass (fat body mass, kg) M=5.0, SD=3.1, percentage of body fat ( percent body fat) M=5.0, SD=3.1. The means of the two methods were the same and within the limits of agreement. Anthropometry tended to overestimate lear body mass by 2.31 kg and underestimate fat body mass and percent BF by -0.93 kg and -2.7 percent, respectively. The estimates correlated significantly (W, r=0.99; lear body mass, r=0.79; fat body mass, r=0.93; percent body fat, r=0.72; p<0.0001). Conclusion The anthropometric and dual-energy x-ray results were consistent. Although some lear body mass and percent body fat results were beyond the limits of agreement, the others were within. Therefore, anthropometry can be used to assess the body composition of this population.

[Lifestyle and risk factors associated to body fat increase in women]. / Estilo de vida e fatores de risco associados ao aumento da gordura corporal de mulheres.

The objectives were to describe the association between body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)), body composition and risk factors to metabolic diseases; observe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and list the characteristics of overweight and obese women. Voluntaries (n=50; BMI=31+/-6; age=36+/-11 years old), were evaluated regarding clinical examination, anthropometrics measurements, samples of blood and urine, resting energy expenditure and food register. Phases in which they become obese in descending order: adulthood, pregnancy, adolescence, over 40 years old and after marriage. The odds to have one or more obese family members were 316%. They were anxious (60%), depressives (12%), compulsives (34%) and had sleep disturbance (32%). The odds to dyslipidemia was 28%, to hypertension was 25% and to glucose over 100 mg/dL 35%. They were in caloric deficit, but, nitrogen balance was positive. The metabolic syndrome was present in 25% of these women and was positively correlated with body fat indicators and age. The obesity of these women seems to be multifactorial with a family influence that could be caused by genetics and environment contributions. The emotional/physical balance should be influenced on this process.

Estilo de vida e fatores de risco associados ao aumento da gordura corporal de mulheres / Lifestyle and risk factors associated to body fat increase in women

The objectives were to describe the association between body mass index (BMI, kg/m²), body composition and risk factors to metabolic diseases; observe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and list the characteristics of overweight and obese women. Voluntaries (n=50; BMI=31±6; age=36±11 years old), were evaluated regarding clinical examination, anthropometrics measurements, samples of blood and urine, resting energy expenditure and food register. Phases in which they become obese in descending order: adulthood, pregnancy, adolescence, over 40 years old and after marriage. The odds to have one or more obese family members were 316 percent. They were anxious (60 percent), depressives (12 percent), compulsives (34 percent) and had sleep disturbance (32 percent). The odds to dyslipidemia was 28 percent, to hypertension was 25 percent and to glucose over 100 mg/dL 35 percent. They were in caloric deficit, but, nitrogen balance was positive. The metabolic syndrome was present in 25 percent of these women and was positively correlated with body fat indicators and age. The obesity of these women seems to be multifactorial with a family influence that could be caused by genetics and environment contributions. The emotional/physical balance should be influenced on this process.

Os objetivos eram descrever a associação entre índice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m²), porcentagem de gordura e fatores de risco para doenças metabólicas; observar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e relacionar às características de mulheres com sobrepeso e obesas. As voluntárias (n=50; IMC=31±6; idade=36±11 anos) eram avaliadas quanto ao exame clínico, medidas antropométricas, coletas de sangue e urina, gasto energético de repouso e registro alimentar. Fases em que se tornaram obesas em ordem decrescente: idade adulta, gravidez, adolescência, depois dos 40 anos e depois do casamento. O odds de ter um ou mais familiares obesos era de 316 por cento. Eram ansiosas (60 por cento), depressivas (12 por cento), compulsivas (34 por cento) e com distúrbios do sono (32 por cento). O odds para dislipidemia era 28 por cento, hipertensão, 25 por cento e para glicemia acima de 100 mg/dL era de 35 por cento. Elas estavam em déficit calórico, mas o balanço nitrogenado era positivo. A síndrome metabólica era presente em 25 por cento delas e estava positivamente correlacionada a indicadores da gordura corporal e idade. A obesidade destas mulheres era multifatorial com influência familiar, podendo ter contribuições genéticas e ambientais. O equilíbrio físico/emocional parece ter influenciado neste processo.

Exercício resistido vs jogging em fatores de risco metabólicos de mulheres com sobrepeso/obesas / Circuit weight training vs jogging in metabolic risk factors of overweight/obese women / Ejercicio resistido versus jogging en factores de riesgo metabólicos de mujeres con sobrepeso/obesas

FUNDAMENTO: Exercícios resistidos e aeróbicos são recomendados para reduzir o peso e melhorar a saúde, mas ainda não foi definido qual dos dois tipos é o melhor. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o exercício resistido e jogging (JOGG) na doença cardiovascular múltipla (DCV), nos fatores de risco metabólicos e aptidão física de mulheres obesas ou com sobrepeso [composição corporal, perfil lipídico, acido úrico, glicose, equivalente metabólico (MET), frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial, flexibilidade, gasto de energia em repouso (GER) e balanço de nitrogênio (BN)]. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta mulheres foram aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos, mas apenas 26 terminaram o estudo: exercício resistido (ER) (n=14; 36±12 anos; índice de massa corporal, IMC=32±7 kg/m²) e JOGG (n=12; 37±9 anos; IMC=29±2). O primeiro mês de treinamento consistiu em 60 min x 03 dias/semana e o segundo mês de treinamento consistiu em 04 dias/semana para ambos os protocolos, mais reeducação alimentar. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos apresentaram diminuição da massa corporal total, IMC, acido úrico plasmático e aumento do MET (p<0,05); não houve alteração na massa corporal magra, GER, e frequência cardíaca de repouso. O treinamento com ER reduziu o colesterol total, triglicérides plasmáticos, BN e aumentou a flexibilidade; o treinamento com JOGG reduziu a razão cintura/quadril, níveis de glicose, pressão arterial sistólica, lipoproteína de alta densidade e aumentou a razão colesterol total/ lipoproteína de alta densidade (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Ambos os protocolos melhoram a DCV e os fatores de risco metabólicos. Os ER apresentaram mudanças favoráveis no perfil lipídico e na flexibilidade, enquanto o JOGG apresentou mudanças favoráveis sobre a glicose, razão cintura/quadril e pressão arterial. Esses resultados sugerem que treinamento de pesos em circuito combinados com exercícios aeróbicos devem ser considerados para indivíduos obesos...

BACKGROUND: Resisted and aerobic exercises are recommended to reduce weight and improve health, but which exercise modality offers the best results is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to compare circuit weight training (CWT) with jogging (JOGG) on multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic risk factors and fitness of overweight and obese women (body composition, lipid profile, uric acid, glucose, metabolic equivalent (MET), heart rate, blood pressure, flexibility, resting energy expenditure (REE) and nitrogen balance (NB)). METHODS: Fifty women were randomly divided in two groups, but only 26 finished it: CWT (n=14; 36±12 years old; body mass index, BMI=32±7 kg/m²) and JOGG (n=12; 37±9; BMI=29±2). The first month of training consisted of 60 min x 03 days/week and the second month of training consisted of 04 days/week for both protocols and a dietary reeducation. RESULTS: Both groups reduced total body mass, fat body mass, BMI, plasma uric acid and increase in MET (p<0.05); there was no change in lean body mass, REE and resting heart rate. CWT reduced total cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, NB and increased flexibility; JOGG reduced waist/hip ratio, glucose, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Both protocols improved CVD and metabolic risk factors. The CWT presented favorable changes regarding lipid profile and flexibility; JOGG on glucose, waist/hip ratio and blood pressure. These results suggest that resisted exercise combined with aerobics should be considered for obese people. Nevertheless, regarding some basal differences between the groups , it was not possible to conclude that changes were due to exercise type or intra-group variability.

FUNDAMENTO: Ejercicios resistidos y aeróbicos se recomiendan para reducir el peso y mejorar la salud, pero todavía no se definió cuál de los dos tipos es el mejor. OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el ejercicio resistido y el jogging (JOGG) en la enfermedad cardiovascular múltiple (ECV), en los factores de riesgo metabólicos y la aptitud física de mujeres obesas o con sobrepeso [composición corporal, perfil lipídico, ácido úrico, glucosa, equivalente metabólico (MET), frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial, flexibilidad, gasto de energía en reposo (GER) y balance de nitrógeno (BN)]. MÉTODOS: Cincuenta mujeres se dividieron en dos grupos, de modo aleatorio, pero solamente 26 terminaron el estudio: ejercicio resistido (ER) (n=14; 36±12 anos; índice de masa corporal, IMC=32±7 kg/m²) y JOGG (n=12; 37±9 años; IMC=29±2). El primer mes de entrenamiento consistió en 60 min x 03 días/semana y el segundo mes de entrenamiento consistió en 04 días/semana para ambos protocolos, pero reeducación alimentaria. RESULTADOS: Ambos grupos presentaron disminución de la masa corporal total, IMC, ácido úrico plasmático y aumento del MET (p<0,05); no hubo alteración en la masa corporal magra, GER, y frecuencia cardiaca de reposo. El entrenamiento con ER redujo el colesterol total, triglicéridos plasmáticos, BN y aumentó la flexibilidad; el entrenamiento con JOGG redujo a la razón cintura/cadera, los niveles de glucosa, la presión arterial sistólica, la lipoproteína de alta densidad y aumentó la razón colesterol total/ lipoproteína de alta densidad (p<0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: Ambos protocolos mejoraron la ECV y los factores de riesgo metabólicos. Los ER presentaron cambios favorables en el perfil lipídico y en la flexibilidad, mientras que el JOGG presentó cambios favorables sobre la glucosa, razón cintura/cadera y presión arterial. Estos resultados sugieren que entrenamiento de pesos en circuito combinados con ejercicios...

Mudanças no estilo de vida e fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e sistema imune de mulheres sedentárias / Lifestyle changes and risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases and immune system of sedentary women

OBJETIVO: Observar os efeitos de dois meses de um programa de reeducação de hábitos sobre variáveis do sistema imunológico e de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e as associações destas entre si e com a composição corporal. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta mulheres sedentárias, com idade de 36 anos (DP=10), e índice de massa corporal de 31kg/m² (DP=12) participaram do estudo. Foram avaliados a composição corporal (antropometria e bioimpedância), o hemograma, o perfil lipídico, as concentrações plasmáticas das vitaminas A, C, betacaroteno, do zinco, do ácido úrico e da glicemia. O treinamento consistia de circuito de peso ou caminhada por 1h, três vezes por semana no primeiro mês e 1h, quatro vezes por semana no segundo mês, mais reeducação alimentar. RESULTADOS: A gordura corporal, as concentrações plasmáticas do ácido úrico, do colesterol total e da lipoproteína de alta densidade foram significativamente reduzidas. Os triglicérides, a lipoproteína de baixa densidade e as variáveis do sistema imunológico não foram alterados. O zinco não foi associado a qualquer variável. Os glóbulos brancos, os linfócitos, as plaquetas e a vitamina C foram positivamente associados à gordura corporal e negativamente, quando divididos pela massa corporal (kg). O colesterol total e a lipoproteína de baixa densidade divididos pela concentração de vitamina A e do betacaroteno foram negativamente correlacionados à gordura corporal. A vitamina C teve a maior correlação com outros fatores bioquímicos de risco. CONCLUSÃO: Houve redução dos fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, mas não nos marcadores do sistema imunológico. O aumento da gordura corporal foi associado negativamente aos marcadores do sistema imunológico e das vitaminas.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to observe the effects of two months of a lifestyle-changing program on the immune system and risk of non-communicable chronic diseases and how they associate with each other and with body composition. METHODS: Fifty women aged 36 years (SD=10) with a mean body mass index of 31kg/m² (SD=12) participated in this study. The following data were investigated: body composition (by anthropometry and bioimpedance), complete blood count, lipid profile, plasma concentrations of vitamins A and C, beta-carotene, zinc, uric acid and glucose. The program consisted of circuit weight training or walking for 1 hour, three times per week during the first month and for 1 hour, four times per week during the second month and changes to their eating habits. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in body fat and plasma concentrations of uric acid, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein. Triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and immune system variables remained unchanged. Zinc was not associated with any variable. The leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets and vitamin C were positively associated with body fat and negatively associated when divided by body mass (kg). Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein divided by vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations had a negative correlation with body fat. Vitamin C correlated the most with other biochemical risk factors. CONCLUSION: The risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases reduced, but immune system markers remained unchanged. Increased body fat was negatively associated with immune system markers and vitamins.